First arriving
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It was organized as a province subordinate to Ifriqiya, so, for the first few decades, the governors of al-Andalus were appointed by the emir of Kairouan, rather than the Caliph in Damascus.
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Most of the Iberian peninsula became part of the expanding Umayyad Empire, under the name of al-Andalus. They crossed the Pyrenees and occupied Visigothic Septimania in southern France. After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr of Ifriqiya, brought most of the Visigothic Kingdom under Muslim rule in a seven-year campaign. Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, completing the Christian Reconquista of the peninsula.ĭuring the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, the Moorish commander Tariq ibn-Ziyad led a small force that landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711, ostensibly to intervene in a Visigothic civil war. In 1249, the Portuguese Reconquista culminated with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III, leaving Granada as the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula. With the fall of Córdoba in 1236, most of the south quickly fell under Christian rule, and the Emirate of Granada became a tributary state of the Kingdom of Castile two years later. In 1085, Alfonso VI captured Toledo, starting a gradual decline of Muslim power. Ultimately, the Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula overpowered the Muslim states to the south. In the next century and a half, al-Andalus became a province of the Berber Muslim empires of the Almoravids and Almohads, both based in Marrakesh. The Almoravid empire intervened and repelled the Christian attacks on the region, deposing the weak Andalusi Muslim princes, and included al-Andalus under direct Berber rule. Attacks from the Christians intensified, led by the Castilians under Alfonso VI. After the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, al-Andalus was fragmented into minor states and principalities. įor much of its history, al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north. The jizya was not only a tax, however, but also a symbolic expression of subordination, according to orientalist Bernard Lewis. Christians and Jews were subject to a special tax called jizya, to the state, which in return, provided internal autonomy in practicing their religion, and offered the same level of protections by the Muslim rulers. Rule under the taifa kingdoms led to a rise in cultural exchange and cooperation between Muslims and Christians.
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Al-Andalus became a major educational center for Europe and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea as well as a conduit for cultural and scientific exchange between the Islamic and Christian worlds. Achievements that advanced Islamic and Western science came from al-Andalus, including major advances in trigonometry ( Geber), astronomy ( Arzachel), surgery ( Abulcasis Al Zahrawi), pharmacology ( Avenzoar), and agronomy ( Ibn Bassal and Abū l-Khayr al-Ishbīlī). Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a centre of learning, and the city of Córdoba, the largest in Europe, became one of the leading cultural and economic centres throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Islamic world. 750–929) the Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms (1009–1110) the Sanhaja Amazigh Almoravid Empire (1085–1145) the second taifa period (1140–1203) the Masmuda Amazigh Almohad Caliphate (1147–1238) the third taifa period (1232–1287) and ultimately the Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1238–1492). As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph al-Walid I (711–750) the Emirate of Córdoba (c. These boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the Emirate of Granada.įollowing the Umayyad conquest of the Christian Visigothic kingdom of Hispania, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units, corresponding roughly to modern Andalusia Portugal and Galicia Castile and León Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia and the Languedoc-Roussillon area of Occitanie. The name describes the different Arab and Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 7. From 9th to 10th century, al-Andalus extended its control from Fraxinetum over the Alpine passes which connect Italy to Western Europe. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula and a part of present-day southern France, Septimania (8th century). The term is used by modern historians for the former Islamic states in modern Portugal and Spain. Al-Andalus ( Arabic: الأَنْدَلُس) was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.